Soils and their relationship to aspect and vegetation history in the eastern Southern Alps, Canterbury High Country, South Island, New Zealand

This study focuses on soils in a mountainous catchment area located in the eastern part of the Southern Alps, South Island, New Zealand. The objective was to check the soils for non- or poorly crystalline constituents (metal organic complexes, short-range-order minerals) and if there is a relationship between pedogenesis and aspect and more recent landscape history. The morphology of the soils indicates brown soils (dystric cambisols, dystrudepts) with only few signs of podsolisation. In contrast, selected chemical properties of the soils reveal very strong weathering and leaching. Fe_o/Fe_d ratios are high and exceeding 0.6 in almost every soil horizon. Oxalate-extractable aluminium and silicon show prominent peaks in the lower subsoil horizons with 1.76–2.52% Al_o and up to 0.68% for Si_o on southern aspects. This is considerably higher than the values measured for soils on northern aspects (0.59% to 1.07% Al_o, max. 0.26% Si_o). This aspect relationship is also applying to phosphate retention reaching values of more than 90% on southern aspects and not more than 70% for northern aspects. Additionally, significant movement of organic matter in soils on southern aspects is evident by measurements of organic carbon and pyrophosphate-extractable Al and Fe. Thus soil formation can be regarded as more advanced on southern aspects. Allophane in association with organic matter can be considered as an important constituent in southern aspect subsoils being responsible for the typical andic properties. Metal-humus complexes and ferrihydrite are of subordinate significance. Considering the actual soil forming conditions under scrub-grassland (esp. soil acidity), it is unlikely that weathering and leaching is still strong enough today to allow significant podsolisation and the formation of short-range-order minerals. Under consideration of existing soil data from other studies it is proposed that these components and the podsolisation features are relicts caused by more acidic conditions under former forest cover which supported a stronger weathering and leaching.     

连续属性信息系统规则提取方法研究——基于模糊粗集包含度的视角

为了从连续属性的信息系统中提取决策规则,提出了将模糊集和粗糙集理论相结合,首先使用模糊聚类技术将连续属性信息系统转化为模糊信息系统,然后使用包含度算法提取决策规则,最后通过实例验证了该方法具有较强的抗噪声能力,得出的决策规则易于应用。     

Influence of metal salts on the photodegradation of imazapyr, an imidazolinone pesticide

The behaviour of imazapyr (2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)nicotinic acid), a broad spectrum herbicide of the imidazolinone family, has been studied under UV radiation in the presence of metal salts. Complexation interactions between imazapyr and metal ions decreased imazapyr photolysis. A chemometric study compared the photodegradation of imazapyr in aqueous solutions in the presence of Na+, Ca2+ or Cu2+ and their concomitant anionic species (Cl-, NO3-) at various pesticide/metal ion molar ratios. The study showed the major role of metal ions in the degradation of imazapyr and its main photoproducts. The molecules were strongly stabilised on complexation with metal ions, leading to an increase in persistence of the pesticide.     

鸡包涵体肝炎过程中IL-2的mRNA原位杂交

FAV-Ⅷ型禽腺病毒口服接种感染2日龄SPF雏鸡,攻毒后取不同日龄的肝脏于福尔马林溶液中固定,并进行石蜡包埋,石蜡切片进行原位杂交染色。结果表明:着染部位主要出现在坏死灶或血管周围成团或散在的淋巴细胞胞浆内,在病情严重时5 dpi开始增多,12 dpi表达量达到高峰,以后逐渐减少,直到30 dpi基本消失。说明鸡包涵体肝炎过程中肝脏IL-2的mRNA大量增加,可能与T淋巴细胞的增多有关;而且IL-2作为免疫增强剂与抗病毒感染和病症恢复也有关。     

铁氧化物-硅酸盐复合物的形成、性质及其对砷的固定

铁氧化物与硅酸盐矿物是土壤中最重要、最活跃的固相组分,它们之间的交互作用直接影响土壤物理化学特性,可有效地调控土壤(类)重金属的迁移、转化。本文以铁氧化物和硅酸盐矿物胶结过程中的一些表观特征变化为出发点,从宏观、表观到微观综述了二者交互作用的界面特性和机理、交互作用前后对土壤砷的固定与释放机制等内容。本文阐明层状硅酸盐与铁氧化物通过多种化学作用而发生表面复合,其中静电作用是作用力之一,带负电荷的硅酸盐与带正电荷的铁氧化物在静电引力的作用下迅速结合,在胶体表面双电层上形成二元团聚体;形成的二元团聚体可改变土壤矿物的表面积和孔性结构、表面电化学特性和物理性质。同时,铁氧化物-硅酸盐复合物表面的活性基团可以通过内层络合共氧的方式将土壤中AsO_4~(2-)络合,形成单核或双核表面络合物而固定砷。复合物对AsO_4~(2-)的吸附能力介于铁氧化物和硅酸盐矿物之间,并更接近铁氧化物的表面吸附特性。本文旨在为土壤砷的原位固定提供理论支撑。     

三[(N-甲基-2-苯并咪唑)甲基]胺及其双铁核双桥配合物的合成和催化活性研究

用三角锥形四齿配体三［（Ｎ 甲基 ２ 苯并咪唑）甲基］胺为配体，合成了甲烷单加氧酶的活性组分—羟基化酶的模型化合物。用叔丁基过氧化氢作氧化剂，研究了单加氧酶模型化合物对低碳烷烃和烯烃在温和条件下氧化的催化活性。实验结果表明，该模型化合物具有较高的催化活性。     

土壤有机矿质复合体的表面电荷特性及对锌的吸附

供试土样为中国的棕壤、红壤和赤红壤及巴基斯坦的ｇｕｊｒａｎｗａｌａｓｅｒｉｅｓ和ｋｏｔｌｉｓｅｒｉｅｓ．与Ｈ－粘粒比，Ｈ－粘粒复合体有较多的净负电荷和较少的正电荷。在红壤和赤红壤中，Ｈ－粘粒复合体的表面积比Ｈ－粘粒大，但在棕壤，ｇｕｊｒａｎｗａｌａｓｅｒｉｅｓ和ｋｏｔｌｉｓｅｒｉｅｓ中则相反。在ｐＨ近７．０时，因有机质而使负电荷百分数增加的次序为赤红壤＞红壤＞ｇｕｊｒａｎｗａｌａｓｅｒｉｅｓ＞ｋｏｔｌｉｓｅｒｉｅｓ＞棕壤。当ｐＨ＜７时有机质可以提高赤红壤、红壤和ｋｏｔｌｉｓｅｒｉｅｓ对锌的吸附，在各种锌浓度下，有机质均能提高棕壤和ｇｕｊｒａｎｗａｌａｓｅｒｉｅｓ对锌的吸附。与Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ和Ｔｅｍｋｉｎ方程比较，Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程最适合描述Ｈ－粘粒复合体对锌的吸附行为，但Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程最适合于自然粘粒复合体。     

番茄红素油树脂混合环糊精包合研究

[目的]研究混合环糊精(β-环糊精、羟丙基-β-环糊精)对番茄红素油树脂的包合性能并验证其实用性。[方法]紫外法测定番茄红素与β-环糊精、羟丙基-β-环糊精、混合环糊精的包合常数;采用研磨法制备包合物并测定溶解度,考察其稳定性。[结果]番茄红素油树脂与混合环糊精包合常数为758~1 247 L/mol,大于与β-环糊精的416~608 L/mol;高性价比混合环糊精的包合物,其溶解度提高近70倍且稳定性提高。[结论]番茄红素油树脂/混合环糊精包合物实用性大大增强。     

Organic acid induced release of nutrients from metal-stabilized soil organic matter – The unbutton model

Processes of soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization and the reverse, destabilization of SOM resulting in subsequent release and mobilization of nutrients from SOM, remain largely unresolved. The perception of SOM as supramolecular aggregates built of low molecular mass biomolecules is currently emerging. Polyvalent metal cations contribute to SOM tertiary structure by bridging functional groups of such molecules (Simpson et al., 2002). The strong bond to metals protects high quality organic material from being immediately accessed and decomposed. Here we propose a three-step process by which low molecular mass organic acids (LMMOAs) and hydrolytic enzymes act in series to destabilize SOM supramolecules to release organic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for local hyphal and root uptake. Complexation of the stabilizing metals by fungal-released LMMOA gives fungal-root consortia direct access to organic substrates of good quality. Because of their small sizes and carboxyl group configuration, citric and oxalic acids are the most effective LMMOAs forming stable complexes with the main SOM bridging metals Ca and Al in SOM. Citrate, forming particularly strong complexes with the trivalent cations Al and Fe, is dominant in soil solutions of low-productive highly acidic boreal forest soils where mycorrhizal associations with roots are formed predominantly by fungi with hydrophobic hyphal surfaces. In these systems mycelia participate in the formation of N-containing SOM with a significant contribution from strong Al bridges. In less acidic soils of temperate forests, including calcareous influenced soils, SOM is stabilized predominantly by Ca bridges. In such systems mycorrhizal fungi with more hydrophilic surfaces dominate, and oxalic acid, forming strong bidentate complexes with Ca, is the most common LMMOA exuded. A plant-fungus driven biotic mechanism at the supramolecular aggregate level (10³–10⁵ Da) resolves micro-spatial priming of SOM, where the destabilization step is prerequisite for subsequent release of nutrients.     

八角茴香油β-环糊精包合物胶囊的制备工艺及稳定性研究

[目的]研究八角茴香油β-CD包合物胶囊的制备工艺,并考察其稳定性。[方法]以八角茴香油与β-CD的比例、包合时间和包合温度为因素,并以包合物收率、包合物含油率和油的收率为指标,采用L9(34)正交试验优选最佳包合条件;然后以休止角和吸湿性为指标,用薄层色谱法(TLC)对包合物进行验证,优选包合物胶囊的处方,并检查胶囊质量。[结果]最佳包合工艺为:八角茴香油:β-CD为1∶6,包合时间为2 h,包合温度50℃;在此条件下,包合物收率为89.84%,包合物含油率为15.93%,油的收率为72.63%。胶囊处方为:包合物200 mg,微晶纤维素100 mg,十二烷基硫酸钠5 mg,硬脂酸镁3 mg;制得的胶囊水分、装量差异和崩解时限均符合药典规定;影响因素试验表明,胶囊剂对高温、高湿度和强光的稳定性明显高于其物理混合物。[结论]八角茴香油包合物胶囊制备工艺简单、易行,质量稳定、可控。